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Martes, 13 de Septiembre de 2011 21:55

Ciclato de Hidratos de Carbono

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El ciclado de carbos se basa en tener 3 niveles diferentes de ingesta durante la semana: carbos altos, carbos moderados y carbos bajos. Idealmente estos dias se dividen de acuerdo al programa de entrenamiento.

Si entrenás 4 veces a la semana:

. Seleccioná tus dos días prioritario de tu entrenamiento. En ellos entrenarás los músculos que más necesitás mejorar. En estos días podés tener una ingesta alta de carbohidratos.

. En los otros dos días de entrenamiento, consumí una cantidad moderada de carbos.

. En los 3 días libres de entrenamiento tenés una ingesta baja de carbos.

Si entrenás 3 veces x semana:

. Seleccioná dos entrenamientos principales. Ahí tenés los altos carbos.

. El otro día de entrenamiento ingesta moderada.

. Entre los 4 días libre de carbos bajos, meté uno de carbos moderados.

. Si entrenás 5 veces x semana:

. Dos días principales carbos altos.

. Dos entrenamientos secundarios: carbos moderados.

. El quinto día de entrenamiento y en los días libres ingesta baja de carbos.


Calorías y niveles de carbohidratos:

Cuando hayas determinado tu estructura básica, ahí ajustás la ingesta exacta. Lo primero a hacer es calcular el gasto energético diario. Los números que siguen pueden usarse para determinar la cantidad de calorías y tipos de nutrientes que consumirás en los distintos días del ciclo.

Primer paso: Calculando tu tasa de metabolismo basal:

La tasa de metabolismo basal (TMB) representa la cantidad de energía usada por tu cuerpo durante 24 hs. si no desarrolla ninguna actividad.
Tu TMB es una función de tu tamaño, sexo y edad. También está influenciada por tu status metabólico (hipo o hipertiróideo por ejemplo). Podemos calcular el TMB con las siguientes fórmulas (por Harris-Benedict):

Hombres:

TMB = 66 + (13,7 x peso en kg.) + (5 x altura en cm.) - (6,8 x edad).

Por lo que para un culturita de 30 años y 100 kg. que mide 1,78 cm. resulta así:

TMB = 66 + (13,7 x 100 kg.) + (5 x 178 cm.) - (6,8 - 30)
TMB = 2122 calorías al día

Para las mujeres se usan otros parámetros. La fórmula sería:

TMB = 655 + (9,6 x peso en kg.) + (1,7 x altura en cm.) - (4,7 x edad)


Segundo paso: Obviamente sobre este gasto diario que hace el organismo sin mover un dedo, habrá que agregarle lo que uno gasta en sus actividades.
Para poder estimarlo hay que multiplicar tu TMB por el factor del nivel de actividad.:

Nivel de actividad

1.0 sedentario
1.2 actividad muy baja
1.4 actividad baja
1.6 actividad moderada
1.8 muy activo
2.0 extremadamente activo

Asi que si tenemos a nuestro culturista de 100 kg. con un tasa metabólica basal de 2122 kcal /día moderadamente activo tendremos que multiplicar los 2122 x 1,6 =
3395 kcal al día. ésta es la cantidad de comida que éste hombre necesita como mantenimiento.

Tercer paso: Adecuando la ingesta calórica al objetivo

Obvio decirlo, para ganar masa muscular deberás ingerir más kcal que las que usás cada día. Y lo opuesto corre para perder peso. Un ajuste del 20 % hacia arriba o hacia abajo parece ser lo ideal para la mayoría.
Así que nuestro culturista de 100 kg. que tiene un gasto calórico diario de 3395 kcal. desea ganar masa muscular. Deberá aumentar su ingesta hasta alcanzar las 4074 kcal x día. Y si quiere bajar tendrá que consumir unas 2716 kcal. diarias.
Dependiendo del tipo físico y el metabolismo que nos han tocado en suerte habrá que hacer algunos ajustes sobre éstos números. Un endomorfo, por ejemplo, no debería tratar de subir más de un 10 % para ganar masa, pero si bajar el 20 % cuando trata de bajar grasa.
Así que si nuestro culturista de 100 kg. es un endomorfo deberá ingerir 3734 kcal al día en vez de 4074 si es que está en un programa de masa.

OK, ahora se calcula la nutrición para un día moderado

La ingesta de proteínas permanecerá estable durante los 3 tipos de día (carbos altos, moderados y bajos). Algo como 330 gramos al día para el culturista de 100 kg.
Cuando tratamos de ganar masa el nivel de carbos de los días moderados debe ser equivalente al de la ingesta protéica. Otros 330 g para el culturista de 100 kg.
Así que estará consumiendo 2640 kcals x día (1320 de protes y 1320 de carbos).
Dijimos que era un endomorfo. Y que si quiere ganar músculo su ingesta calórica deberá estar alrededor de las 3734 kcal /día. Así que tendrá 1094 kcal para consumir en forma de grasas. Preferentemente buenas grasas. Como la grasa tiene 9 kcal / g, esto hará un número de 121 g de grasa diarios.
Así que recapitulemos. Nuestro culturista endomorfo de 100 kg. queriendo ganar masa muscular debería consumir lo siguiente en un "día moderado":

330 g de proteínas
330 g de carbohidratos
121 g de grasas

Si quiere cortarse consumirá sus 2716 kcal al día: 2420 kcal diarios de carbos y protes, y 300 kcal de grasas . Deberá bajar los carbos, aún en días moderados. Lo que hará unos 275 g x día. La proteína la mantiene. Y recibe 33 g de grasa al día.
Así que queriendo perder grasa ingerirá:

330 g de proteína
275 g de carbos
33 g de grasas

Quinto paso: calculando la ingesta calórica para los otros días:

La proteína y la grasa se mantienen constantes durante toda la semana. Sólo los carbos fluctúan. Durante los días de carbos altos se subirá la ingesta de carbos hasta el 125 % de la de los días moderados. Y en los de carbos bajos se la llevará al 75% de la de los días moderados.
Así que siguiendo con nuestro ejemplo, el culturista de 100 kg consumirá:

1) tratando de ganar masa

Día de carbos altos = 330 g proteína, 412 g carbos. 121 g grasa
Día de carbos moderados = 330 g proteína, 330 g carbos, 121 g grasa
Día de carbos bajos = 33 g proteína, 247 g carbos. 121 g grasa

2) tratando de cortarse

Día de carbos altos = 330 g proteína, 344 g carbos, 33 g grasa
Día de carbos moderados = 330 g proteína, 275 g carbos, 33 g grasa
Día de carbos bajos = 330 g proteína, 206 g carbos, 33 g grasa

Ajustando la ingesta:

Nadie tratando de ganar masa muscular debería seguir una dieta restrictiva durante más de 16 semanas seguidas. Y la mayoría de la gente haría mejor en no pasarse de las 8 - 12 semanas de dieta.
Más que eso es altamente probable que sacrifiques mucha masa muscular. Si no has alcanzado el nivel que deseabas tras 12 semanas de dieta, tomate 4 semanas fuera de la dieta (comé limpio, pero subí las calorías) y luego adelante con otro período de dieta.
Cuando tratás de perder grasa tenés que eventualmente ir bajando las calorías porque tu cuerpo se acostumbra al nivel de ingesta que se le da. Ciclando los carbos este no es un problema ya que los carbos y las calorías fluctúan. Pero aún así, cada 4 semanas se deberá bajar ligeramente las kcal para seguir quemando a buen ritmo.
De todos modos, no deberás hacer cortes drásticos, que es la razón por la que mucha gente pierde masa muscular durante el recorte. La idea es bajar 20 g de carbos al día cada 4 semanas. Y eso rige para los 3 tipos de ingesta de carbos.
Cuando en cambio se trata de ganar masa muscular no hay un patrón de subida para la ingesta calórica. Si después de 3 semanas no ganás masa, subí la ingesta de protes y de carbos 25 g de cada una.

División de las comidas:

Deberías consumir 6 - 7 comidas al día. Tres de esas comidas deberían contener carbos y proteínas (desayuno, bebida postworkout y comida 1 hora luego del entrenamiento.
Las otras 3 - 4 comidas deberían estar compuestas por proteína, buenas grasas y vegetales.
Los estudios metabólicos indican que el horario óptimo para entrenar es alrededor de las 10 A.M. Así que organizaremos un ejemplo pensando en que se entrenaría a esa hora:

Comida 1: carbos + protes
2: post workout, 11.15 hs. bebida con carbos y protes
3: (12-30) carbos + protes
4: (15.30) proteína, grasas y vegetales
5: (18 hs) proteína, grasas y vegetales
6: (21) proteína, grasas y vegetales
Claro que esto se acomodará a tus necesidades horarias.

Nutrientes por comida:

La proteína, ya que es consumida en todas las comidas, debe ser bien divivida. Si consumís 330 g de protes x día serían unas 6 comidas de unos 55 g c/u.
Las grasas son consumidas en 3 de las 6 comidas y también debe dividirse. Algo como 33 g en 3 comidas.
Los carbohidratos también son ingeridos en 3 de las 6 comidas. Cerca del 50 % de los carbos deben ser consumidos justo luego del entrenamiento, 25 % al desayuno y 25 % cerca de 1 hora luego de entrenar. Así que si debés ingerir 250 g de carbos al día representan 125 g postworkout, y 75 g tanto al desayuno como 1 hora después de entrenar.

Los alimentos apropiados para cada clase de comida:

Desayuno (carbos + protes): Proteínas de claras de huevos, atún, pollo o bebida baja en carbos. Y carbos de: 2 frutas y avena u otros cereales.
Post workout: bebida con carbos y proteínas.
1 hora después de entrenar: proteínas de pollo, pescado, mariscos o cortes de carne magra. Carbos: batatas, arroz integral, tomates, zanahorias.
Y para las comidas con protes y grasas: Proteínas de carne, pescado, pollo, claras de huevos, queso cottage, jamón. Y grasas de los alimentos recién listados como proteínas, aceite, paltas, nueces y frutos secos. También ensalada x 100- 200 g.

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